(Figure 8d) Key hub genes in the network include IL6, IL1B, NFKBIZ, MAP3K8, PTGS2, TNFAIPs, MMPs and CCLs, etc. Next, we specifically investigated genes reported in previous literature that are associated with neurite outgrowth[31] and pain.[32] We find that the majority of these genes are upregulated in DRG cells treated with cytokine‐primed AF CM as compared to non‐primed AF CM. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and atrial fibrillation.