The effectiveness of combining PARP inhibitors with radiotherapy and immunotherapy, which targets CTLA-4 and/or PD-1/PD-L1 pathways, will be evaluated in various cancers including NSCLC, SCLC, breast, prostate, pancreatic, gastroesophageal, rectal, and head and neck carcinomas (125). The gene discussed is PARP1; the disease is cancer.