TGFB1 and neoplasm: At present, it is generally considered that CAFs primarily originate from inherent fibroblasts or stellate cells within the tissue, which undergo transformation into CAFs due to stimuli from tumor-derived factors like Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), and so on (Park et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2023).