TNF and pulmonary fibrosis: On the other hand, nintedanib (Richeldi et al., 2011; Richeldi et al., 2014; Flaherty et al., 2019) (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and pirfenidone (King et al., 2014; Behr et al., 2021) (an inhibitor of TGF-β, PDGF, and TNF-α singling) are anti-fibrotic therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis that can decelerate fibrosis and scarring.