Microinjection of TAT-Gap19 into hippocampus effectively decreased the IE-induced learning and memory impairment (Fig. 4A, B, C; Latency to platform: day 5: Post-hoc analysis: IE vs. TAT-Gap19-IE group: p = 0.0108; % of time in target quadrant C: Post-hoc analysis: IE vs. TAT-Gap19-IE group: p = 0.0442; Target crossing times: Post-hoc analysis: IE vs. TAT-Gap19-IE group: p = 0.0068), suggesting that Cx43 HCs might mediate the learning and memory impairment caused by IE. Here, GJA1 is linked to memory impairment.