Figure 2b–c illustrate that S100A9 exhibited the highest fold change (3.13-fold) postoperatively in ASA-AKI patients compared to non-ASA-AKI patients, followed by S100A8 (2.92-fold), CHI3L1 (2.66-fold), and PTX3 (2.62-fold). Here, CHI3L1 is linked to acute kidney injury.