It is involved in neuroinflammatory processes and may contribute to the progression of neurodegeneration (Mogi et al. 1994, 1996; Leal et al. 2013) Although findings from clinical studies have been variable, elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-1β have been reported in CSF or serum of PD patients (Blum-Degena et al. 1995; Tansey and Goldberg 2010). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Parkinson disease.