Several studies also concluded that South Asians appear to have higher lipid and insulin levels compared with Europeans of the same WC and WHR.62–64 Asian Indians tend to have greater visceral and total body fat, which is less evident from BMI measurements and differs from the typical Western build.65 In turn, increased visceral fat can cause insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and inflammation, which may lead to metabolic disorders such as HTN. Here, INS is linked to Other metabolic disease.