To assess the efficacy of the P4 panel in detecting early-stage HCC and to compare it with other commonly used methods, we recruited 253 LC patients in a prospective clinical cohort to collect imaging data, PRM quantitative results of HABP2 + CD163, traditional protein biomarker assessment results (AFP and PIVKA-II) and the widely accepted ASAP risk score model (including age, sex, AFP and PIVKA-II) and aMAP risk score (including age, male, albumin, bilirubin and platelet) data at a series of follow-up time points with LC patients developing HCC as the final end-point. The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.