As expected, the P4 panel was effective in the diagnosis of the early stage HCC with highest AUC (0.890), sensitivity (0.909), and specificity (0.877), outperforming AFP, PIVKA-II, AFP + PIVKA-II, ASAP model and aMAP score (Fig. 7a, Supplementary Fig. 6a, Supplementary Table 4). Here, AFP is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.