S100A8 and infection: For example, the direct binding of bacterial surface polysaccharides can enhance the stability of enterovirus particles and increase their adhesion to host receptors (33), the interaction between reovirus and bacteria enhances the thermal stability of the viruses (37), and infection by CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori induces expression of GII.4 norovirus attachment factors in nonsecretors' mucosa, expanding the host range of these strains (38).