CD4 and inflammatory bowel disease: Administration with a probiotic mixture containing Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus showed success against experimental and clinical IBD, which was attributed to the restoration of the TJP structure, upregulation of colonic Tregs and reduction of colonic TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CD4+ cells (Cui et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2018).