SERPINE1 and heart disorder: PAI-1 inhibits the activation of tPA and uPA to form plasmin, leading to the reduction of ECM degradation and a large amount of ECM deposition which finally promote fibrosis (Rabieian et al., 2018; Ghosh & Vaughan, 2012) including cardiac fibrosis in cardiac diseases (Li et al., 2021; Sillen & Declerck, 2020).