OSR1 and Hydrocephalus: SPAK (Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase)/OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1) are essential for regulating NKCC1 protein and are associated with NKCC1 protein activation in the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced hydrocephalus (Huang et al., 2019; Robert et al., 2023).