The immunoblotting results showed that the expression levels of p-MLKL, which is a marker of necroptosis, and cleaved caspase 3, which is a marker of apoptosis, were decreased in the liver in the immune and antibody neutralization groups compared with the infection group (F = 25.58, 196.6, P < 0.05) (Fig. 5b). Here, CASP3 is linked to infection.