Furthermore, we re-analyzed previously published data to determine the expression of APOBEC3 genes upon SARS-CoV-2 infection in whole blood derived from COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. Cluster analysis and one-way ANOVA analysis of APOBEC3 gene expression post SARS-CoV-2 infection showed APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H were significantly upregulated in blood samples from patients with COVID-19 disease compared to healthy controls (Fig. 2C,D). This evidence concerns the gene APOBEC3A and COVID-19.