ERN1 and cutaneous melanoma: To induce mTORC1 inhibition and cell cycle arrest in response to energy stress, AMPK must phosphorylate Raptor, a part of mTORC1.514 The oncogenic BRAF leads to heightened basal autophagy and increased resistance to apoptosis in cutaneous melanomas, also causing chronic ER stress.515 ER stress-induced autophagy is diminished in cells lacking IRE1 or treated with a JNK inhibitor, highlighting the essential role of the IRE1-JNK pathway in autophagy activation following ER stress.516 Activation of the IRE1/ASK1/JNK and TRB3 pathways is induced by p38 activation, which is driven by BRAFV600E.