RAF1 and cancer: BRAF and CRAF activate autophagy to promote tumor cell survival.27Atg7-knockout mice with RAF-mutant melanoma display reduced tumor growth and significantly increased survival compared to wild-type mice.267 Interestingly, autophagy exhibits both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive roles in the same mouse model of BRAFV600E–mutant lung cancer.300 However, autophagy promotes tumor growth and metabolism in BRAFV600E–mutant lung cancer,301 and BRAFV600E–mutant cancers promote autophagy to maintain mitochondrial function and glutamine metabolism.302