TGFB1 and cancer: By activating the TGF-β signaling, sEVs induce EMT and cancer progression.17 This may be partially explained by the transfer of TGF-β and its receptors to recipient cells via sEVs.18,49,50 However, we demonstrate that sEVs not only activate, but also underlie the amplification of TGF-β signaling levels even shortly after treatment, implying that sEVs may transfer TGF-β and TGF-β receptors as an activated ligand-receptor complex.