As previously described, sEVs secreted by non-cancer cells can promote TGF-β signaling activation and EMT-related effects in cancer cells.17,49 Nonetheless, additional research is still needed to conclusively characterize the role of sEVs secreted by non-cancer cells, particularly regarding their ability to drive metastasis by hyperactivating molecular pathways in cancer cells. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.