ITGAL and cardiovascular disorder: Integrin signaling has been shown to regulate endothelial phenotype, leukocyte homing, and smooth muscle fibro proliferative remodeling, thereby contributing to the development of cardiovascular diseases [82]. The discovery of ITGAX and ITGAL, members of the integrin family, suggests that these integrin regulatory mechanisms may be the pathway by which SARS-CoV-2 drives its adverse effects on the cardiovascular system.