TLR8 and neoplasm: These studies are mainly concerned with the molecular cloning, characterization and expression patterns of TLR8 [22–28], the development and clinical application of TLR8 agonists [17, 29], particularly in the context of tumor immunotherapy [17], the intricacies of the TLR8 signaling pathway and its role in anti-infection mechanisms [19, 21, 26].