CAV1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: T2DM significantly inhibited AMPK phosphorylation at tyrosine 172 in the hippocampus, which were reversed by cav-1 overexpression (Fig. 6A, B, J, K. More than that, immunoprecipitation of cav-1 followed by immunoblotting with AMPK showed an AMPK immunoreactive band, which means cav-1 could directly regulate AMPK in T2DM-affected brain (Fig. 5J).