TGFB1 and neoplasm: Immunosuppressive macrophages produce anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, creating a tumor-promoting microenvironment, whereas anti-tumor macrophages produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6.6 Importantly, most TAMs may have a spectrum of mixed phenotypes between the extreme anti-tumor and the pro-tumor phenotypes, and upon different stimulations, they are able to gain or lose those phenotypes.5,7 Therefore, it is significant to investigate how to reprogram TAMs toward the anti-tumor phenotypes to suppress tumor growth.