CSF1 and other cytokines and chemokines recruit circulating monocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to tumor.44 Furthermore, CSF1 promotes macrophage survival and polarization signals that induce immunosuppressive macrophages.45–48 We, therefore, hypothesized that CSF1 signaling is involved in the phenotypes that we have observed and examined whether USP18 affects CSF1R expression by using flow cytometry. Here, USP18 is linked to neoplasm.