These results suggest that USP18 deletion leads to CSF1R downregulation in TAMs and a decrease in pro-tumor/immunosuppressive macrophages, contributing to enhanced anti-tumor macrophage polarization, consequently promoting a Th1-dominant TME and enhancing CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity, in agreement with previous reports.6,50–52. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1R and neoplasm.