CSF1R and central nervous system cancer: For example, Pyonteck et al. reported that CSF1R blockade reduces immunosuppressive macrophage polarization, which improved disease outcomes in their glioma models.45 Other reports also demonstrated the impact of TAM polarization on tumor progression,61 supporting the idea that reprogramming of TAMs toward the anti-tumor phenotype induced by USP18 deletion has potential for clinical use.