Lastly, the NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and its downstream molecular signatures, caspase-1 subunit p20 and IL-18, were measured in cardiac tissue from patients with COVID-19 postmortem, revealing that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome associates AF and patient outcome (117, 118). This evidence concerns the gene NLRP3 and atrial fibrillation.