CCR5 and HIV infectious disease: demonstrated that high levels of MIP‐1a and MIP‐1b were produced in long‐term nonprogressors (LTNPs).[80] The degree of CCL3L1 expression can affect HIV infection by; internalizing CCR5 receptors, subsiding CCR5 expression levels on the cell surface, altering anti‐viral responses via leukocyte trafficking, and preventing CCR5 and HIV‐1 gp120 binding.[77, 81] Therefore, CNV is directly proportional to HIV disease.