However, these tests are known to pose some detrimental issues - PSA tests have low specificity and are unable to differentiate PCa from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), whereas histological analysis of biopsy material tends to be subjective and has a high risk of infection at the puncture site (Loeb et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2017; Ilic et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and benign prostatic hyperplasia.