We have found that its mRNA is overexpressed in PCa as compared to adjacent normal prostate tissues (Bajo-Santos et al., 2023) and the levels of NKX3-1 mRNA are significantly higher in plasma EVs from patients with PCa than BPH, and higher levels tend to associate with higher Gleason score that seems to contradict with its tumor suppressor’s role in PCa. This evidence concerns the gene NKX3-1 and benign prostatic hyperplasia.