XDH and gout: Despite the existence of preliminary research indicating that caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) can influence SUA levels and the risk of developing gout by competitively inhibiting xanthine oxidase and exerting diuretic effects (34, 35), the intricate composition of coffee and its constituents poses challenges in discerning whether the impact of caffeine on SUA is solely attributable to caffeine itself or to other components present in coffee (including caffeine) or their interactions.