Additionally, DOX administration resulted in a decrease in exploration time in the NOR test, a decline in freezing time in the fear-conditioning memory test, significantly elevated levels of the mRNA/protein expression of the glutamate subunit of AMPARs containing GluA1, and elevated mRNA expression levels of the glutamate subunit of NMDARs, which together resulted in neurotoxicity and memory impairment. Here, GRIA1 is linked to memory impairment.