LPA and atrial fibrillation: As a result, a growing number of observational studies have shown that Lp(a) is closely related to coronary heart disease (CHD) (13), stroke (14), calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) (15), hypertension (16), atrial fibrillation (17) and venous thromboembolism (18), and evidence from genetic studies has also confirmed the causal association of Lp(a) with CVD and CVAD (19, 20).