Sajjan et al. (2006) found that H. influenzae infection increased the expression of intracellular adhesion molecules like ICAM-1 and TLR3, leading to increased infection by RV and subsequent RV-induced increased cytokine release (Sajjan et al., 2006). Similar results were obtained by Gulraiz et al. (2015), who found that prior non-typable H. influenzae infection dramatically increases the binding of HRV16 to two bronchial epithelial cell lines pBECs and BEAS-2B, most probably through the upregulation of ICAM-1. This evidence concerns the gene ICAM1 and infection.