HNRNPU and infection: HNRNPU was upregulated at the mRNA level by L. donovani amastigotes, while its levels were unchanged by L. donovani promastigotes (46); An increased abundance of proteins involved in RNA splicing (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins [hnRNPs]) was observed at 24 h post-infection with L. donovani (36)