Osteopontin (OPN), a prominent tumor‐maintaining inflammatory mediator linked with tumor progression, metastasis, and immunosuppression, contributes to chemotactic migration, M2 polarization of macrophages, and PD‐L1 expression in HCC by activating the CSF1‐CSF1R axis in macrophages.93 This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.