TNF and viral infectious disease: Even though the AD OM-ALI cultures without viral infection show basal enrichment of innate immune response genes and interferon-stimulated genes (Additional file 3: Fig. S3, Additional file 4: Fig.  S4), IPA analysis of the comparison between DEGs in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells from AD individuals and cognitively healthy controls indicated downregulation of IFN-γ (interferon-gamma) and TNF in the AD OM-ALI cells.