TNF and Alzheimer disease: The levels of TNF-α are enhanced in the blood and CSF of AD patients [19] Neuroinflammation has long been considered a key factor in the progression to AD, and TNF-α acts as a key pro-inflammatory factor, which has been found in previous studies to be elevated in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in patients at different stages of AD [20], consistent with the findings in this study in animal models of AD.