ACE and chronic kidney disease: Dozens of studies have demonstrated lower usage of clinically indicated cardiovascular medications in older relative to younger patients and in women relative to men.9–11, 15–20 Fewer studies have explored differential usage of medications for CKD—in part owing to the fact that until recently, only ACE inhibitors or ARBs have been shown to be of material benefit in this population; however, sex and age disparities in patients with CKD have been described.