To study autophagy in the brain of individuals with WS, we measured the expression level of the autophagy-related MAP1LC3A transcript (known as LC3 in mice) and found that the mRNA level was lower in WS as compared to TD controls, although not significantly (Fig. 10c), similar to the reduced expression in cKO mice compared to controls. The gene discussed is MAP1LC3A; the disease is Werner syndrome.