This peptide is required for the development of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse model [39], and pancreatic islet autoantibodies (AAbs) against insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), islet antigen 2 (IA-2A), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) are produced by B cells and represent the most reliable biomarker currently available for predicting T1D [12]. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.