TNF and Middle East respiratory syndrome: In the current study, it had been found that IL-2, IL-6, IL-12 and IFN-γ levels were significantly increased in patients with severe COVID-19, but not IL-4, IL 17 a and TNF-α levels, as compared with the major cytokines involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome are IL-1 β, IL 6, IL 12, IFN-γ, IP10 (CXCL10) and MCP 1, and IFN-γ, TNF α, IL 15 and IL 17 involved in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.