ATF3 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: As shown in Figure 5A, several TFs, including Atf3, Klf6, Zeb1, Bach1, and Stat3, were identified highly active TFs in aged pFBs, It has been shown that ATF3 expression increases in the lung with age (Bueno et al., 2018), and Zeb1 (zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 1) is significantly upregulated in IPF and is considered as a new therapeutic target for IPF (Qian et al., 2019).