HLA-G and chronic kidney disease: Furthermore, in addition to T2DM, clinical and epidemiological evidence suggests that specific diseases such as silicosis (Suman et al., 2022), chronic renal insufficiency (Wang H. et al., 2022; Wang Y. et al., 2023), and inflammation bowel disease (IBD) (Hopkins et al., 2021) are also associated with long-term cognitive impairment; for example, multivariate logistic regression analysis found that increased urinary β2-microglobulin levels were independently associated with cognitive deterioration in CKD patients (Wang Y. et al., 2023).