INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Approximately 90% of the diagnosed T1D cases have one or more autoantibodies directed against pancreatic β-cells, including insulin autoantibodies (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA), islet antigen-2 autoantibodies (IA-2A), and zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies (ZnT8A) (11).