TGFB1 and Hepatic fibrosis: Subsequent stimulation of this receptor activates the TGFβ promotor gene segment via activator protein-1 leading to TGF-β release from monocytes and subsequent stimulation of fibroblasts.62, 63, 64 Additionally, a hepatic fibrosis mouse model of chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection showed that IL-13 directly targets fibroblasts.65