Neuropathological findings in chronic HSE appear somewhat distinct from acute HSE, characterized predominantly by a necrotizing inflammatory process, instead demonstrating chronic granulomatous inflammation with foci of mineralization.13,15,124 Infiltration of CD68+ macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, CD3+ T-lymphocytes and CD138+ plasma cells, in the presence of low-level HSV-1 viral DNA detected by way of PCR, have been described.13,15,124. Here, CD68 is linked to herpes simplex encephalitis.