Finally, in Alzheimer’s disease, which is also associated with damage to the brain's structural integrity, a longitudinal increase in CSF B cell numbers in association with cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition has been identified.167 B cell receptor (BCR) profiling identified commonalities between different Alzheimer’s disease patients, who exhibited similar class-switched BCR sequences, was absent in control patients. The gene discussed is BCR; the disease is early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.