VDR and neoplasm: While it is still unclear whether the anti-tumor or anti-inflammatory activity of 1α,25(OH)2D3 is attributed to the transactivation (agonistic) or transrepressive (antagonistic) function of ligand-activated VDR [34–36], the 1α,25(OH)2D3 calcemic activity is attributed to the ligand-induced transactivation function of VDR [20–22].