APP and depressive symptom measurement: Sporadic AD arises from a complex interplay of factors, encompassing both genetic and environmental elements.3Most cases of AD result from delayed onset and sporadic, and other confirmed risk factors apart from age are cardiovascular disease, depression, limited education, and the ApoE4 (apolipoprotein-E4) gene.2PSEN1, PSEN2, and sometimes amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene autosomal mutations account for around 5% of familial AD cases.2, 3