Metabolic surgery is the most efficacious, with a maximum remission rate of approximately 70%–80% at 1–2 years after surgery (97, 98), followed by lifestyle interventions with caloric restriction, with a 40%–80% average remission rate at 1 year after intervention (95), and intensive insulin therapy, which can also provide remission in 30%–70% of patients with T2DM (66, 99). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.