Research questions included the following: (1) is there a positive correlation between GAL-1 and soluble immune markers, i.e. cytokines/chemokines, APP, and MMPs, in children with T1D and/or CeD; (2) is there a positive correlation between GAL-1 and T-cell subsets, specifically Th cells as well as Treg cells defined as CD4+CD25hi also expressing CD39, CD45RA, CD101, and/or CD129, in children with T1D and/or CeD. This evidence concerns the gene ENTPD1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.