TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The concentration of GAL-1 in children diagnosed with both T1D and CeD was positively correlated to the concentration of the pro-inflammatory immune markers IL-1β (r = 0.56, P = 0.016, Fig. 2a), TNF-α (r = 0.69, P = 0.0015, Fig. 2b), and IL-6 (r = 0.54, P = 0.021, Fig. 2c).