TGFB1 and cancer: It has been proposed that the cancer cells exposed to biomechanical forces (such as IF, fluid-induced shear stress and compressive stress from matrix microenvironment) lead to endogenous TGF-β driven Smad-signaling activity towards EMT response.15,20,21 Moreover, studies have also investigated the role of fluid-induced shear stress to promote mechanotransduction pathways (such as YAP/TAZ) responsible for triggering EMT signaling for cancer cell invasion in non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer and melanoma tumor.22–24