GFAP and Cognitive impairment: For example, raised levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in CSF and plasma have been suggested to be indicative of astroglial involvement, and linked to cognitive impairment in ALS as well as in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's (Falzone et al., 2022; Zhu et al., 2021).