Most notably CREB [42, 43], GSK3β [44], HSP60 [45] and p53 [46], were significantly more phosphorylated in both HUVEC and HAEC (Fig. 3H, Supplementary Fig. S5), which can lead to endothelial dysfunction and regulate endothelial release of growth and inflammatory factors, as revealed by PCR array. This evidence concerns the gene CREB1 and endothelial dysfunction.