STMN1 and post-traumatic stress disorder: Recent findings on hippocampal presynaptic membrane dysfunction in rat models of PTSD demonstrated that SPS disabled synaptic vesicle fusion (i.e., reduced expression of synaptotagmin-1, the calcium-ion sensor for fusion), extended axon (i.e., increased expression in proteins, e.g., tau and β-tubulin, but decreased expression in p-tau and stathmin), and potentially increased SNARE complex formation (i.e., increased VAMP, STX1A, and Munc18-1 expression) [273].