In a phase 1 clinical trial targeting patients with glioblastoma, an innovative strategy involving a vaccine from a pool of pre-manufactured unmutated antigens (APVAC1) followed by immunization with a vaccine derived from neoantigens (APVAC2) elicited a sustained response of central memory CD8+ T cells and predominantly CD4+ T cell responses, which was characterized by multifunctionality and T-helper (Th)1 polarization.125 TLRs are important components of innate immune system, whose agonists expressed in intracellular compartments can trigger potent antiviral and anti-tumor immune responses. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.