For example, researchers found that tumor cells sensitive to interferon-β were transformed into drug-resistant tumor cells by knocking out the interferon-β-specific receptor through CRISPR-Cas9 technology, which subsequently caused them to release the immunomodulatory factors interferon-β and GM-CSF.201 These modified therapeutic tumor cells can effectively activate signaling pathways specific to antigen-triggered T cell activation and stimulate the trafficking of immune cells, which may be beneficial for the further application of cancer vaccines.201. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.